Joseph Quesnel: Don’t blame judges. Politicians created the Indigenous rights crisis
- The crisis around Canada’s UNDRIP implementation stems from lawmakers who either misunderstood or misrepresented the legal consequences of legislation like British Columbia’s DRIPA and the federal UNDRIP Act, rather than from courts overstepping their authority.
- Both DRIPA and the federal UNDRIP Act use mandatory language such as “must” and “shall,” turning UNDRIP from a guiding framework into legally binding obligations that courts must enforce, leading to significant and unexpected impacts on existing laws and government powers.
- Recent court decisions, including in British Columbia and Quebec, have upheld these mandatory obligations, with courts using UNDRIP to override provincial statutes and even affect law enforcement, illustrating how judicial interpretation of the statutes is reshaping Canadian governance and Indigenous rights.
- The article argues the solution lies with Parliament, urging legislators to repeal or amend these laws to align with their actual intent and avoid a constitutional crisis, calling for honest legislative action rather than reliance on judicial remedies to fix poorly drafted or misleading legislation.
Canada’s UNDRIP crisis isn’t just about activist judges — it’s about lawmakers who either failed to understand what they were enacting or weren’t honest with Canadians about the consequences.
The real problem began in legislatures, not courtrooms.
When the British Columbia Legislature passed the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (DRIPA) in 2019, officials downplayed its impacts, reassuring the public, investors and industry that any changes from DRIPA would be gradual, filled with opportunities for stakeholders to voice concerns and not affect current regulatory timelines. They described DRIPA as a consultation framework — not a sudden shift in lawmaking. Ottawa made identical assurances with its federal United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (UNDRIP), claiming it wouldn’t change existing consultation duties or create new obligations.
Those assurances have proven false, but not because courts are exceeding their authority. The problem lies in what lawmakers actually wrote versus what they told the public.
To be clear, the DRIPA Act does not address Section 35, which enshrines Aboriginal and Treaty rights in the Constitution. Since 1982, courts have extensively interpreted those rights and defined their constitutional limits. By incorporating UNDRIP, DRIPA pushes those rights beyond those established limits.
On Dec. 5, 2025, the B.C. Court of Appeal decided Gitxaala v. British Columbia, concluding that DRIPA converts UNDRIP from guidance into binding law that can invalidate provincial statutes. Critically, two of the three judges noted that DRIPA was written in “obligatory and imperative” language — lawmakers used mandatory terms like “must” and “shall,” not the permissive language of a consultation framework.
The federal UNDRIP Act contains identical problems. It requires the federal government to “take all measures necessary to ensure that the laws of Canada are consistent with the Declaration” and uses mandatory “must” language throughout. These aren’t suggestions — they’re legal commands.
Courts are taking this language seriously in ways that should alarm anyone concerned about democratic governance. In Quebec, Justice Sophie Bourque stayed criminal proceedings against Mohawk men charged with smuggling 13,000 kilograms of tobacco, ruling that inadequate consultation over tobacco control policies invalidated border enforcement. The court treated UNDRIP with “the same weight as a binding international instrument,” effectively allowing historical treaties interpreted through UNDRIP to override law enforcement.
Most significantly, the Quebec Superior Court, in implementing this expansive reading of the UNDRIP Act, created a broad and generic right to Indigenous economic development that encompassed the existing contraband tobacco trade, an illegal industry with documented connections to organized crime.
The implications are staggering. If UNDRIP becomes a judicial tool for rewriting Canadian law, courts will constrain government efforts to protect border integrity and public safety — shifting the balance from legislative regulation to judicial enlargement of rights.
But again, courts aren’t inventing these powers. They’re reading the mandatory language lawmakers actually enacted. When Parliament writes that governments “must take all measures necessary” to enforce UNDRIP, courts reasonably conclude this creates obligations, regardless of what politicians told voters. On the other hand, judges who may have an activist bent would be happy to oblige strong language and perhaps would not choose to raise caution about a law’s interpretation.
Either lawmakers didn’t understand the legal implications of their own legislation or they deliberately misled Canadians about what they were enacting. Neither explanation inspires confidence in the legislative process.
The Eby government in B.C., pressured to appeal the Gitxaala decision, has backpedaled under First Nations pressure against even amending the law.
The Quebec decision is under appeal, but similar cases are emerging across Canada. The Supreme Court must ultimately decide how UNDRIP operates within Canadian law, but the Court faces an impossible choice created by legislative drafting — either ignore the mandatory language Parliament enacted, or enforce laws that may fundamentally alter Canadian governance.
In other words, the Supreme Court is trapped by the strong mandatory language lawmakers chose to include in these statutes. The justices cannot simply wish away the “must” and “shall” provisions that create binding legal obligations, even if the political consequences prove uncomfortable.
The solution lies where the problem began — in Parliament.
Lawmakers must repeal or substantially amend these laws to reflect what they actually intended, removing this constitutional crisis from the judicial arena. The current crisis demonstrates the real consequences of strongly worded UNDRIP implementation.
Courts interpret law. Judges are not responsible for rescuing politicians from legislation they either didn’t understand or deliberately misrepresented. Legislators should also not dangle this kind of legislation in front of activist judges. The path forward requires our elected politicians to have the courage to be honest — and legislate honestly — about what UNDRIP implementation actually means for Canada. And to honestly legislate its repeal.
National Post
Joseph Quesnel is a senior fellow with the Aristotle Foundation for Public Policy.